A comprehensive investigation of the association between menopause symptoms and problematic eating behavior in peri- and post-menopause cisgender women.

Midlife individuals assigned female at birth are at risk for problematic eating behavior, associated with negative health outcomes. Little is known about how menopausal symptoms may increase risk in this population. The current study aimed to understand how a comprehensive range of menopause symptoms were globally associated with problematic eating behaviors. A total of 281 cisgender women (176 post-menopause, 105 peri-menopause) from the United States aged 40 to 64 were recruited utilizing Prolific, an online survey platform. Participants answered questionnaires about menopause symptoms and problematic eating. Participants were selected using demographic and health information provided in a screener survey. Participants also completed the Eating Disorder Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ), Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Using Structural Equation Modeling, menopause symptoms explained 16.7 percent of the variance in problematic eating. Higher frequency and severity of anxiety, depression, sleep concerns, cognitive complaints, pain, and vasomotor symptoms was associated with greater frequency and severity of problematic eating behaviors, ß = .40, p < .001. Invariance testing showed no significant differences between peri- and postmenopausal women. These findings support the association between menopause symptoms and problematic eating in Midlife cisgender women and highlight the need for continued investigation.

Eating Disorder Symptomatology Among Young Adult Cigarette and E-Cigarette Users.

Objective: Tobacco use is elevated among individuals with eating disorders (EDs). Yet, further research is needed to understand associations between cigarette and e-cigarette use patterns and ED symptomatology. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of tobacco use and EDs, this study characterized ED symptomatology and tobacco use patterns, including exclusive cigarette use, e-cigarette use, dual use, and nonuse. Method: Young adults aged 18-24 years who self-reported exclusive cigarette, e-cigarette, dual, or nonuse (N = 2500) were recruited via Lucid, an online survey management company. Participants completed questionnaires assessing body dissatisfaction, global ED psychopathology, binge eating and self-induced vomiting frequency, and demographics. ED diagnostic groups included: anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia spectrum eating disorders (BSED), atypical AN, and night eating syndrome (NES). Results: Multinomial logistic models revealed those with AN were more likely to be dual users, those with atypical AN were more likely to be exclusive e-cigarette users, and participants with a BSED or NES were more likely to be exclusive e-cigarette or dual users, compared to those without an ED. General linear models suggested body dissatisfaction and global ED psychopathology were higher among exclusive e-cigarette and dual users, while binge eating and self-induced vomiting frequencies were greater among all tobacco use groups compared to nonusers. Discussion: Our findings suggest young adults with ED symptomatology were more likely to be users of e-cigarettes exclusively or dual users. It will be necessary to examine how these associations manifest using longitudinal and clinical populations in future research.

When dietary modification turns problematic in patients with esophageal conditions.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic illness affecting the esophagus often modify their eating habits to manage symptoms. Although this begins as a protective strategy, anxiety around eating can become problematic, and lead to poor outcomes. We administered a survey to examine the factors associated with problematic eating behaviors in patients who have reflux and difficulty swallowing (esophageal dysphagia). METHODS: In total, 277 adult patients aged above 18 diagnosed with achalasia, eosinophilic esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux completed an online survey: (1) demographic and disease information; (2) reflux and dysphagia severity (3) eating behaviors, as measured by a study-specific, modified version of the Eating Disorder Questionnaire (EDE-Q) for patients with esophageal conditions; and (4) Food related quality of life (FRQOL). Descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlations evaluated the sample data and a hierarchical linear regression evaluated predictors of problematic eating behaviors. KEY RESULTS: Problematic eating behaviors were associated with reflux severity, dysphagia severity, symptom anxiety, and hypervigilance, and negatively associated with FRQOL. While reflux and dysphagia severity predicted greater problematic eating, symptom anxiety explained more of these behaviors. Although hypervigilance and anxiety also predicted poorer FRQOL, problematic eating was the largest predictor. CONCLUSION & INFERENCES: Problematic eating behaviors are associated with increased symptom severity and symptom anxiety, and diminished FRQoL. Symptom anxiety, rather than symptom severity, appears to be a driving factor in problematic eating behaviors. Interventions aimed at diminishing symptom anxiety may be useful in reducing problematic eating behaviors in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms.

Relation between increasing attachment security and weight gain: a clinical study of adolescents and their parents at an outpatient ward.

PURPOSE: We wanted to evaluate the impact of a relational focus in the treatment of adolescent ED-patients and their parents at an intensive outpatient ward, based on attachment theory, combined with a family approach and psychodynamic principles. Our aim was to investigate the distribution of different attachment styles among the adolescent ED-patients and their parents, and to find out if they could change by the treatment. METHODS: Swedish adolescents (n = 33; 3 boys, 30 girls) and their parents (n = 60; 34 mothers, 26 fathers) participated. MEASURES: Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), Body Mass Index (BMI) and Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) before and after treatment. RESULTS: The adolescents were high on Need for Approval (ASQ4) of the Insecure/Anxious scale before treatment (in contrast to the parents). The patients had a significant decrease in ASQ4 after treatment, which correlated inversely to the increase in BMI but not to CGAS. The mothers showed features of the Secure/Confident style, fathers of the Insecure/Avoidant with elevated Relationships as Secondary (ASQ2). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with a relational and a family focus has impact on attachment insecurity in adolescent ED-patients and outcomes in terms of BMI. It is important to engage the parents, who need to help the adolescents to separate at that developmental stage. A secure therapeutic context, which enables mentalizations and allows new relational experiences, is essential. The ASQ-instrument is useful in indicating how the treatment of ED-adolescents is proceeding. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV: evidence obtained from multiple time series with the intervention.

Factores de Riesgo Relacionados con los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria en Adolescentes Españoles: una Revisión Sistemática / Risk Factors and Eating Disorders Among Spanish Adolescents: A Systematic Review

Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) ya suponen un importante problema de salud pública y suelen aparecer durante el periodo de la adolescencia. Pese a ello, no se han encontrado revisiones sistemáticas en la literatura científica sobre los factores de riesgo asociados a estos trastornos en población española adolescente. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio es conocer los factores de riesgo de los TCA en adolescentes españoles. Las fuentes de información utilizadas han sido PubMed, Scopus, Dialnet y Scielo. Tras aplicar los criterios de eligibilidad, 17 artículos científicos fueron incluidos para su posterior análisis. Los resultados principales indican que el IMC (factor biológico), la comorbilidad psicológica (factor psicológico) y la calidad de las dinámicas familiares (factor familiar) constituyen los principales factores de riesgo estudiados. Por otra parte, destaca la notoria carencia de estudios dirigidos a evaluar los factores de riesgo socioculturales ligados a los TCA.(AU)

Eating disorders (ED) have become a public health issue and they often emerge during adolescence. Despite this situation, to our knowledge, there are no scientific systematic reviews of the risk factors associated with ED among Spanish adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the risk factors associated with ED among Spanish adolescents. Databases were PubMed, Scopus, Dialnet, and Scielo. Seventeen articles were included in the analysis after applying the eligibility criteria. Main results show that BMI (biological factor), psychological comorbidity (psychological factor), and the quality of family dynamics (family factor) are the key risk factors in previous literature. Furthermore, the lack of studies addressed to evaluate sociocultural risk factors related to ED is noteworthy.(AU)

Adaptation, confirmatory factor analysis, and psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Repetitive Eating Questionnaire.

OBJECTIVE: The Repetitive Eating Questionnaire (Rep(eat)-Q) is a brief self-report measure developed to assess grazing behavior-an understudied problematic eating behavior associated with eating disorder psychopathology and poor weight management. This study aimed to adapt and test the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Rep(eat)-Q in a Brazilian community sample. METHOD: We used the International Test Commission guidelines for the adaptation of psychological measures between cultures. Participants were recruited from the community and on a university campus and completed a set of questionnaires including the Rep(eat)-Q, psychological measures, and sociodemographic data. RESULTS: A total of 718 (86.4% female) completed the Rep(eat)-Q and were eligible for the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Only 542 completed the entire survey (Rep(eat)-Q and other psychological measures) and were eligible for the analysis of the validity evidence based on the relations to other variables. CFA revealed support for a two first-order model as originally proposed, however, a hierarchical (i.e., second-order) model is proposed. We found support for second-order scalar invariance across sex. Both first- and second-order internal consistency estimates presented very good evidence. Analysis (n = 542) revealed moderate to strong correlations (≥.58 to .77) between grazing (total score and subscales) and binge eating and other psychological measures, presenting good convergent evidence. DISCUSSION: This study reports good psychometric properties of the Rep(eat)-Q for the Brazilian community sample. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE: Grazing is a problematic eating behavior and the Rep(eat)-Q is one of the measures to assess grazing. The article aimed to adapt and test the psychometric properties of the Rep(eat)-Q in a Brazilian community sample. The results support a two-factor structure and suggest that the Rep(eat)-Q possesses good psychometric properties to be used with the Brazilian populations.

The Relationship Between Anxiety, Coping, and Disordered-Eating Attitudes in Adolescent Military-Dependents at High-Risk for Excess Weight Gain.

Adolescent military-dependents are an understudied population who face unique stressors due to their parents' careers. Research suggests that adolescent military-dependents report more anxiety and disordered-eating than their civilian counterparts. While anxiety symptoms predict the onset and worsening of disordered-eating attitudes, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. One factor that may underlie this relationship, and be particularly relevant for military-dependent youth, is coping. Therefore, we examined adolescent military-dependents (N=136; 14.5±1.5 years; 59.6% female; BMI-z: 1.9±0.4) who were at-risk for adult obesity and binge-eating disorder due to an age- and sex-adjusted BMI ≥ 85th percentile and loss-of-control eating and/or elevated anxiety. Participants completed an interview assessing disordered-eating attitudes and questionnaires on anxiety symptoms and coping strategies at a single time point. Bootstrapping models were conducted to examine the indirect paths between anxiety symptoms and disordered-eating attitudes through five coping subscales (aggression, distraction, endurance, self-distraction, and stress-recognition). Adjusting for relevant covariates, no significant indirect paths through the coping subscales (ps > .05) were found in any models. General coping, non-specific to eating, may not be a pathway between anxiety symptoms and disordered-eating attitudes among adolescents. Future research should examine other potential mediators of this relationship.

Developing the "single-session mindset" in eating disorder research: Commentary on Schleider et al., 2023 "Realizing the untapped promise of single-session interventions for eating disorders".

Schleider and colleagues' paper on the application of single-session interventions (SSIs) to eating disorders is timely given the broader focus in mental health on flexible approaches to delivering support at the time the person needs it most. The eating disorder field needs to embrace these innovations including developing a "single-session mindset" with greater attention paid to testing the relevance of SSI for eating disorders. The use of well-powered trials of brief, focused and rapidly scalable interventions is an ideal vehicle for generation and evaluation of new and longer interventions. Our future research agenda needs to carefully consider our target audience, the primary outcome variable of most relevance, and the SSI topic that would be most likely to effect change. Research in prevention might focus on weight concern and evaluation of SSIs that focus on self-compassion or cognitive dissonance related to appearance ideals in the media. Work in early intervention could target denial and disordered eating using SSIs on growth mindset, behavioral activation, and imagery rescripting. Treatment waitlists provide another suitable opportunity, evaluating SSIs that aim to increase hope for change, treatment retention, and kick start early change in therapy, a robust predictor of better treatment outcome.

The Correlation between Social Media Addiction and Emotional Eating during the COVID-19 Quarantine Period.

This study was conducted with 458 participants. The demographic and health information of the participants along with the Social Media Addiction, Emotional Eating Scale were obtained. The level of social media addiction in adults was moderate, and women were more interested in social media than men. As the average age of participants increased, the virtual tolerance, virtual communication, social media scores decreased (p < .05). The study found that 51.6% of individuals with emotional eating tendencies happened to be obese. The social media addiction scale scores of those with emotional eating tendencies were higher than those without emotional eating tendencies (p < .05).

A Tale of Childhood Loss, Conditional Acceptance and a Fear of Abandonment: A Qualitative Study Taking a Narrative Approach to Eating Disorders.

Eating disorders (EDs) are serious mental health illnesses, yet there is a need to better understand the illness experience to improve treatment outcomes. Qualitative research, and narrative approaches in particular, can elicit life stories that allow for the whole illness journey to be explored. This study aimed to explore the experiences of women with a history of an ED, identifying the life events they perceived were relevant to the onset of their ED through to recovery. Interviews were conducted with 18 women with lived experience of an ED. Through structural narrative analysis, an overarching storyline of childhood loss contributing to a belief of conditional acceptance, fear of abandonment and struggle to seek emotional support due to the fear of being a burden was identified. Negative experiences with the health sector were common. These findings have implications for the way medical professionals respond to help seeking and deliver treatment.

Effectiveness of psychological interventions for eating disorders in adolescence: An overview of systematic reviews / Eficacia de las Intervenciones Psicológicas en el Tratamiento de los Trastornos Alimentarios en Adolescentes: Una Meta-Revisión

Eating disorders (EDs) are high prevalent among adolescents with serious consequences. Evidence of effectiveness of psychological interventionsfor eating disorders in adolescents lacks a systematic synthesis of systematic reviews. The goal of this umbrella review is to summarize evidencefrom systematic reviews examining effects of psychological interventions for eating disorders targeting adolescents. Web of Science, PsycINFO andCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for systematic reviews on effectiveness and/or efficacy of any psychological interventionaiming to treat eating disorders in terms of outcomes in adolescents (improvement of eating-disorder symptoms, weight restoration and treatmentretention). The methodological quality of each study was assessed using AMSTAR 2. The original search identified 831 reviews, 9 of which wereincluded in the overview of systematic reviews rated as having a low methodological quality. Predominant psychological interventions for EDsin adolescents are family-based interventions. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy and third-wave treatments has been less researched.Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the EDs that have been studied the most. This study provides evidence supporting the positive impactof psychological interventions on eating disorders in adolescents. Family based treatment is the most evidence-based psychological intervention.There is a need for high-quality systematic reviews as well as systematic reviews to examine if psychological interventions are effective for different eating disorders. (AU)

La prevalencia de los trastornos alimentarios es elevada entre los adolescentes con consecuencias graves. La evidencia de la eficacia de las intervencionespsicológicas para los trastornos alimentarios en adolescentes carece de una meta-revisión de revisiones sistemáticas. El objetivo de esta revisiónparaguas es resumir la evidencia de las revisiones sistemáticas que examinan los efectos de las intervenciones psicológicas para los trastornosalimentarios en adolescentes. Se realizaron búsquedas en Web of Science, PsycINFO y Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews de revisionessistemáticas sobre la efectividad y/o eficacia de las intervenciones psicológicas para trastornos alimentarios en adolescentes (reducción de síntomas, restauración del peso y retención en el tratamiento). La calidad metodológica de cada estudio se evaluó mediante AMSTAR 2. En la búsquedainicial se identificaron 831 registros, y 9 revisiones sistemáticas se incluyeron en la meta-revisión con una valoración de calidad metodológica baja.Las intervenciones psicológicas predominantes para los trastornos alimentarios en adolescentes fueron las intervenciones basadas en la familia.La eficacia de la terapia cognitivo-conductual y los tratamientos de tercera generación está menos estudiada. La anorexia nerviosa y la bulimianerviosa son los trastornos alimentarios con mayor número de estudios. Hay evidencia del impacto positivo de las intervenciones psicológicas paralos trastornos alimentarios en adolescentes. El tratamiento basado en la familia es la intervención psicológica con mayor evidencia. Se necesitanrevisiones sistemáticas de mayor calidad, así como revisiones sistemáticas para examinar la eficacia de las intervenciones psicológicas para los distintos trastornos alimentarios. (AU)

The moderating role of emotional intelligence in the link between self-esteem and symptoms of eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to explore the moderating role of emotional intelligence (EI) in the relationship between self-esteem and eating disorders (ED) symptomatology. METHOD: A battery of online questionnaires was administered to a sample of 516 adults including university students and a community population. The sample, age range of 18-77 years (X = 38.90; SD = 14.76), was made up of 63% women and 32% men. RESULTS: EI moderated the association between self-esteem and ED symptomatology for the total sample. However, a gender-specific analysis showed that the moderation effect was only significant for women. Specifically, when women reported a low level of self-esteem, those with high scores in EI reported lower scores in ED symptoms than those with low EI. DISCUSSION: Our findings are discussed in terms of the need for future research to understand the different gender associations and to consider these differences in further intervention programs for reducing the risk of ED, in which training in emotional skills may be more beneficial for women than men.

Association Between Optimism and Negative Emotional Eating in Caribbean Latinx Adults in the Northeast US.

BACKGROUND: Negative emotional eating (EE) is associated with unfavorable behavioral and health outcomes. Understanding its association with positive factors, such as optimism, may shed light into novel interventions. We examined the association between optimism and negative EE in US Caribbean Latinx adults, a population disproportionately exposed to adversity. METHOD: This cross-sectional analysis used data from the Latino Health and Well-being Study (21-84 years; n = 579). Optimism was measured with the Life Orientation Test-Revised version. EE was measured with the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire R18-V2. Adjusted Poisson models with robust error variance estimated prevalence ratios (PR). RESULTS: The proportion of individuals reporting high EE was greater in the low (39.0%) and moderate (36.8%) optimism groups than that in the high optimism group (24.8%; p = 0.011). Individuals with high optimism (vs. low) were less likely to report high EE over no EE (PR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.53-0.88). CONCLUSION: High optimism was negatively associated with high EE. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings and test interventions promoting optimism for preventing negative EE in US Caribbean Latinx adults.

Determinants of disordered eating behaviors: Body mass index, emotional eating, dietary restriction, and motives for eating palatable foods / Determinantes de comportamentos alimentares desordenados: índice de massa corporal, alimentação emocional, restrição alimentar e motivos para comer alimentos palatáveis

ABSTRACT Objective: The study aimed to investigate the relationships between body mass index, reasons for consuming palatable foods, emotional eating, cognitive dietary restraint, and disordered eating behaviors in young adults. Methods: This study was conducted with 800 young adults, in Ankara, Türkiye. A questionnaire consisting of questions about socio-demographic characteristics, health status, and instruments including Eating Attitudes Test-26, Emotional Appetite Questionnaire, Palatable Eating Motives Scale, and The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire were applied through face-to-face interviews. Results: According to the Eating Attitudes Test-26, 17.2% of males and 27.7% of females were at risk for disordered eating behaviors (χ2=9.750, p=0.002). The mean scores of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-emotional eating, cognitive restraint subscales, and the positive and negative scores of the Emotional Appetite Questionnaire were higher in males than in females (p<0.05). The mean scores of the Palatable Eating Motives Scale-coping and reward enhancement motives were higher in females, while the mean score for the conformity motives was significantly higher in males. Body mass index, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-cognitive restraint subscale, Emotional Appetite Questionnaire-negative, and PEMS-conformity motives were found for predictors for Eating Attitudes Test-26 (all p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed a high tendency for emotional eating, consumption of palatable foods, and cognitive dietary restraint in young adults, and these factors were considered determinants for eating disorders.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi investigar as relações entre o índice de massa corporal, as razões para consumir alimentos palatáveis, o comer emocional, a restrição alimentar cognitiva e os comportamentos de desordem alimentar em jovens adultos. Métodos: Este estudo foi realizado com 800 jovens adultos, em Ancara, na Turquia. Foi aplicado um questionário composto por perguntas sobre características sociodemográficas, estado de saúde e instrumentos, incluindo o Eating Attitudes Test-26, o Emotional Appetite Questionnaire, a Palatable Eating Motives Scale e o The Three-Fator Eating Questionnaire, através de entrevistas presenciais. Resultados: De acordo com o Eating Attitudes Test-26, 17,2% dos homens e 27,7% das mulheres estavam em risco de desenvolver comportamentos alimentares desordenados (χ2=9,750, p=0,002). As pontuações médias do Three-Fator Eating Questionnaire-emotional eating, as subescalas de restrição cognitiva e as pontuações positivas e negativas do Emotional Appetite Questionnaire foram mais elevadas no sexo masculino do que no feminino (p<0,05). As pontuações médias da Palatable Eating Motives Scale - motivos de coping e de aumento da recompensa - foram mais elevadas no sexo feminino, enquanto a pontuação média para os motivos de conformidade foi significativamente mais elevada no sexo masculino. O índice de massa corporal, o Three-Fator Eating Questionnaire-subescala de contenção cognitiva, o Emotional Appetite Questionnaire-negativo e o PEMS-motores de conformidade foram encontrados como preditores do Eating Attitudes Test-26 (todos p<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados mostraram uma elevada tendência para a alimentação emocional, o consumo de alimentos palatáveis e a restrição alimentar cognitiva em adultos jovens, sendo estes factores considerados determinantes para as perturbações alimentares.

Relación del acoso escolar y conductas de riesgo a trastornos de la alimentación en escolares mexicanos / Relationship of school bullying and risk behaviors to eating disorders in Mexican schoolchildren

Fundamentos: El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la prevalencia entre el acoso escolar obullying y las conductas de riesgo a trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA), en escolares mexicanos dequinto y sexto grado escolar. Cuyos resultados aporten al programa en línea que se va diseñar para suprevención.Métodos: Se obtuvo una muestra de 3641 escolares mexicanos entre 9-14 años a los cuales, se les aplicó laencuesta Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) y el CBCAR, cuestionario diseñado y validado enadolescentes mexicanos, para evaluar las conductas de riego a TCA. Se aplicó la encuesta en línea, con elformato del programa “NutriNet” del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán(INCMYNSZ), protocolo con el visto bueno de los comités del Instituto y del Hospital General de México.Resultados: Se observó una mayor incidencia de presentar conductas alimentarias de riesgo en escolares queson acosados tanto en los escolares abusadores y en los escolares que participan en pleitos o peleas,observándose diferencia estadística significativa (p ≥ 0,05).Conclusiones: El bullying constituye un factor de riesgo a padecer un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria. (AU)

Background: The aim of this research was to determine the prevalence of bullying and risk behaviors foreating disorders in Mexican schoolchildren in 5th and 6th grade. Whose results contribute to the onlineprogram that will be designed for its prevention.Methods: A sample of 3,641 Mexican schoolchildren between 9-14 years old was obtained. To whom, theHealth Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey and the CBCAR, a questionnaire designed andvalidated in Mexican adolescents were applied to evaluate risk behaviors to eating disorders. The onlinesurvey was applied, with the format of the "NutriNet" program of the National Institute of Medical Sciencesand Nutrition Salvador Zubiran (INCMYNSZ), protocol with the approval of the committees of the Instituteand the General Hospital of Mexico.Results: A higher incidence of presenting risky eating behaviors was observed in schoolchildren who arebullied both in abusive schoolchildren and in schoolchildren who participate in fights, observing a statisticallysignificant difference (p ≥ 0.05).Conclusions: Bullying is a risk factor for developing an eating disorder. (AU)

Twinks, Jocks, and Bears, Oh My! Differing subcultural appearance identifications among gay men and their associated eating disorder psychopathology.

Gay men have increased risk of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating compared to heterosexual men, and it is unclear what differentiates their risk for thinness- and muscularity-oriented eating psychopathology. Differing subcultural appearance identifications (SAIs) among gay men are one potential factor that may relate to varied eating psychopathology, but this has not been studied. We examined gay men's SAIs: twinks, jocks, and bears; any "other" self-identified SAI; or no SAI, as well as the relationship between men's SAIs and traditional eating psychopathology and unhealthy dieting (both facets of thinness-oriented psychopathology), and muscularity-oriented psychopathology using univariate ANOVAs controlling for participant age. 264 U.S. gay-identified participants self-reported sexual orientation, SAIs, and eating psychopathology. Self-identified twinks did not report higher traditional eating psychopathology or unhealthy dieting than other SAIs or those without a SAI, as hypothesized. Self-identified twinks, jocks, and bears all reported greater muscularity-oriented eating pathology than those without a SAI. Self-identified jocks also reported higher muscularity-oriented disordered eating than those with an "other" self-identified SAI and bears. Thus, having a SAI may increase risk for disordered eating; specifically, identifying as a twink, jock or bear may confer greater risk for muscularity-oriented eating pathology.

Dificultades interpersonales en los trastornos alimentarios: un modelo psiconeurobiológico explicativo/comprensivo / Interpersonal difficulties in eating disorders: an explanatory/ comprehensive psychoneurobiological model

RESUMEN: Antecedentes: Los trastornos alimentarios (TCA) presentan entre sus síntomas disfunciones psicosociales como ansiedad social, alexitimia y falta de asertividad. Objetivo: Se propone un modelo explicativo/comprensivo que integra aspectos de psiconeurobiología y comportamiento útil para la clínica. Método: Se evaluó una revisión de la literatura en Medline / PubMed, SciELO y bases de datos de textos especializados con criterios de calidad. Fueron seleccionados conceptos centrales para construir una coherencia que permitiera la lectura psiconeurobiológica del fenómeno y su aplicación clínica. Resultados: Cuatro factores fueron dispuestos a significar: 1- sistema de alarma; 2- sistema de recompensa 3- cerebro social; 4-mecanismos de control (inhibición/excitación). Se dispusieron mostrando la complejidad de su interacción psicofisiológica. Se sugiere que la ingesta de alimentos podría funcionar como una forma primaria de equilibrio cuando hay fallas en alguno de los sistemas expuestos. Conclusión: Se presenta un modelo de integración psiconeurobiológico útil para explicar la dificultad interpersonal en TCA. Esta forma de comprensión facilita: la conexión entre las investigaciones emergentes en TCA y DI; la toma de decisiones clínicas y orientan el pronóstico y las alternativas de tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Background: Eating disorders (ED) are characterized by psychosocial disfunctions, like social anxiety, alexithymia and lack of assertiveness. Objective: To propose a comprehensive integrative model including neurobiology and behavior aspects. Method: A literature review on Medline/PubMed, SciELO and specialized texts databases were assessed against quality criteria. Core concepts were extracted and coherence articulated. Results: Four factors were disposed to meaning: alarm and reward system with social brain and control (inhibition/excitation) mechanisms. They were articulate in a complex psychophysiological interplay. They were associated with social behaviours achieved/not achieved during development. Food intake could operate like a pathological balance to psychopathological effects Conclusion: An explanatory/comprehensive psychoneurobiological model to understand social function in ED is proposed. This form of understanding facilitates: the connection between emerging research in eating disorders and ID; clinical decision-making and guide the prognosis and treatment alternatives.

Body image and disordered eating behaviors in Hispanic/Latino Youth: Findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latino Youth.

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of certain disordered eating behaviors is higher among Hispanic youth compared to non-Hispanics. Understanding the role of body image and social attitudes towards weight in disordered eating may inform treatment in Hispanic youth. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth). Our sample included 1,463 children aged 8-16 years from four sites (Bronx, Chicago, Miami, San Diego) assessed in 2011-2014. Body image discrepancy score was calculated as the difference between perceived ideal body image and actual body image using two numbered visual graphs: adolescent (n = 728) or child (n = 735), each with slightly different scales. Questionnaires measured influences from social attitudes toward weight and disordered eating behaviors. Three disordered eating behaviors (dieting, overeating, and compensatory behaviors) were analyzed as the dependent variable. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, acculturative stress, and field center to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Mean body image discrepancy score was -0.79 for adolescents (SE = 0.08) and -0.50 for children (SE = 0.05), with a negative score signifying a perceived actual body image larger than their ideal. Body image discrepancy was strongly associated with dieting (dieting ≥5 times/year aOR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.53, 0.77) and compensatory behaviors (aOR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.50, 0.85) among adolescents, and was strongly associated with overeating among children (aOR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.61, 0.91). Significant associations were not observed with social attitudes towards weight. CONCLUSIONS: Associations observed with body image discrepancy and disordered eating behaviors can inform interventions in Hispanic/Latino youth, which should consider acculturative stress.

Mindfulness, disordered eating, and impulsivity in relation to glycemia among adolescents with type 1 diabetes and suboptimal glycemia from the Flexible Lifestyles Empowering Change (FLEX) intervention trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between mindfulness and glycemia among adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with suboptimal glycemia, and evaluate the potential mediation by ingestive behaviors, including disordered eating, and impulsivity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used linear mixed models for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and linear regression for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to study the relationship of mindfulness [Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM)] and glycemia in adolescents with T1D from the 18-month Flexible Lifestyles Empowering Change (FLEX) trial. We tested for mediation of the mindfulness-glycemia relationship by ingestive behaviors, including disordered eating (Diabetes Eating Problem Survey-Revised), restrained eating, and emotional eating (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire); and impulsivity (total, attentional, and motor, Barrett Impulsiveness Scale). RESULTS: At baseline, participants (n = 152) had a mean age of 14.9 ± 1.1 years and HbA1c of 9.4 ± 1.2% [79 ± 13 mmol/mol]. The majority of adolescents were non-Hispanic white (83.6%), 50.7% were female, and 73.0% used insulin pumps. From adjusted mixed models, a 5-point increase in mindfulness scores was associated with a -0.19% (95%CI -0.29, -0.08, p = 0.0006) reduction in HbA1c. We did not find statistically significant associations between mindfulness and CGM metrics. Mediation of the relationship between mindfulness and HbA1c by ingestive behaviors and impulsivity was not found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Among adolescents with T1D and suboptimal glycemia, increased mindfulness was associated with lower HbA1c levels. Future studies may consider mindfulness-based interventions as a component of treatment for improving glycemia among adolescents with T1D, though more data are needed to assess feasibility and efficacy.

Disordered eating as a repercussion of sexual assault: a consequence to consider.

PURPOSE: This study aims at clarifying the links between sexual violence and disordered eating (DE). METHODS: In a sample of 12,638 victims of self-reported sexual violence, we analyzed the situation of 546 victims that declared having developed DE. We assessed the characteristics of the assault (age, type of aggression) and the medical consequences (PTSD, depression, suicide attempts, anxiety disorders, etc.). RESULTS: DE prevalence was 4.3% in the victim sample. The age of the first assault in DE victims was significantly lower than that of the whole population (12 years vs 16 years for median; p < 0.001). A much higher prevalence of sexual assault consequences was present in victims developing DE with odd ratios (OR) for: self-mutilation (OR = 11.5 [8.29-15.95], p < 0.001); depression (OR = 5.7 [4.81-6.86], p < 0.001); self-medication (OR = 5.3 [3.86-7.19], p < 0.001); suicide attempts (OR = 4.5 [3.59-5.67], p < 0.001); post-traumatic stress disorder (OR = 3.8 [2.99-4.78], p < 0.001); anxiety troubles (OR = 5.2 [4.11-6.47], p < 0.001); alcoholism (OR = 4.0 [2.81-5.58], p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study confirms the link between DE and sexual violence, especially in childhood, leading to severe psychological consequences. In this context, DE should be envisaged as a coping strategy accompanying emotional dysregulation due to traumatic events, and be treated as such. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV: Evidence obtained from multiple time series analysis such as case studies.